Signed with a mark

Marriage certificates in Great Britain are great! I love that they include the bride and groom's signatures.  How cool is it to see our ancestor's handwriting?!  However, there is one exception: when they sign with their mark.  What is that?

Let's check out two examples from my family that are 100 years apart.

1871

In 1871, my 2x great-grandfather signed his own name, John Boyle.  But his new bride wrote an X and the clergyman wrote "The mark of Catherine O'Neill".

Family member name: Catherine O'Neill Boyle

Lifetime: 1849 - 1941
Tree branch: Boyle
Places lived: Durham, England; Indianapolis, Indiana

Relation: My 2x great-grandmother (my mom's dad's dad's mom)

1771

In 1771, my 5x great-grandparents, William Fripp and Betty Knight both added their marks with an X.  

Family member name: Betty Knight

Lifetime: 1744 - 1831
Tree branch: Bromley
Places lived: Dorset, England

Relation: My 5x great-grandmother (my dad's mom's mom's mom's dad's dad's mom)

Why?

Why did they sign with a mark?  There are multiple theories.

• Most likely, the participant could not read or write. Illiteracy was very common prior to 1875 in Great Britain. On the other hand, we can't really assume that those who signed their name were completely literate, as some could write their name, but that's all.
• They were simply asked to put their mark by the official in charge of the ceremony.  Maybe the official assumed they were illiterate.
• You never know, they could have been blind!

Fripp family secrets

My grandmother did not have e-mail in 2010.  So the researcher contacted her assisted living complex.  "Your cousin is looking for you" he told her.  She replied, "I don't have any cousins." She did not yet know Ellen Fripp's secret.  

Ellen Fripp

Ellen Fripp had three children from her first husband, Henry W. Bromley: Percy, Ernest  and Florence.  Later, Ernest was married and had one son named Ernest, Jr. and Florence married and had Charlotte.  Charlotte is my grandmother.  Ernest, Jr. (Charlotte's cousin) died when he was 12 years old of appendicitis. 

Charlotte grew up with her grandmother, Ellen. They were very close. 

Ruth Fripp

Ruth grew up in England with her elderly father, Frank. Frank was raised by his Aunt Kate.  Ruth's grandparents passed away long ago, but she heard that they had moved to America.  She wondered if she had any living relatives there.  

Ruth hired Dave the researcher to find out.  He found that Kate's sister Ellen married a Bromley. Then he found Ernest Bromley's obituary which mentioned his niece, Mrs. Roger Webber of Duxbury, Massachusetts.  When Dave found that Mrs. Roger Webber's full name was Charlotte Ellen, he knew he had found a relative.  But the year was 2010, and Charlotte was born in 1915.  Could she still be alive? He made the phone call.

The secret: Frank Fripp

Ellen Fripp had a child out of wedlock in 1875 in London. (Today, October 25th, is the anniversary of his birth.) The father's name is lost to time, but she called her son Frank.  When Ellen married in 1880 and moved to the United States, she left her son in care of her sister, Kate.  My grandma Charlotte never knew about Frank.  As an elderly man, Frank married and had a daughter named Ruth.

The secret revealed

Through Dave the researcher, Ruth found her only living cousin, Charlotte, in America.  My grandma was 95 at the time. Before my grandma died in 2014, Ruth and her husband flew from London to Boston multiple times over the next couple years to connect with family they never knew and to hear the firsthand account about her own grandmother.  

They still keep in touch with us.

Bath time!

My dad's middle name is Bromley.  It is his grandmother's maiden name.  I knew that the Bromleys were from England.  It's time to see life through their eyes.

Family member name: William and Anne Amelia Bromley and their son Henry Bromley

Relation: My 2x great grandfather (Henry) and my 3x great grandparents

William and Anne lived in Bath.  Ah, Bath! Known for its beautifully preserved white Georgian style buildings and its curative hot springs, Bath has been a destination for who's who of British society for centuries. 

And the Bromleys lived right in the middle of it. Anyone who has lived in Bath or has ever visited Bath for even one day is familiar with where they lived. 

In 1858, they moved into the downtown area of Bath.  They lived on the 3rd and 4th floor attic of 25 Union Street.  The ground floor and second floor was used for retail.  Union Street is a pedestrian shopping area in the heart of the town. And just across the street is the Roman hot baths along with the famous Pump Room restaurant. The Pump Room is named for the actual water pump that brings the mineral water up from the deep spring below directly into the restaurant. Centuries old plumbing! 

Here I am directly below their apartment. Downstairs is now a clothing store called COS.  Their windows would have been the ones above the letters COS. The Bromleys were so downtown.

Jane Austen, who lived in Bath from 1801 to 1806 wrote about the Bromleys' corner.

From chapter 7 of Northanger Abbey:

Half a minute conducted them through the pump-yard to the archway, opposite Union Passage; but here they were stopped. Everybody acquainted with Bath may remember the difficulties of crossing Cheap Street at this point; it is indeed a street of so impertinent a nature, so unfortunately connected with the great London and Oxford roads, and the principal inn of the city, that a day never passes in which parties of ladies, however important their business, whether in quest of pastry, millinery, or even (as in the present case) of young men, are not detained on one side or other by carriages, horsemen, or carts.  This evil has been felt and lamented, at least three times a day, by Isabella since her residence in Bath.

In the 1860s, William was the manager and editor of a newspaper, also listed as a printer, which I think is fantastic since I also work for a publishing company. Maybe that's where I get some of my obsession with grammar and punctuation. (I know I get some from you too mom!) That profession meant he was educated and no doubt well-known around town. Anne Amelia was a dressmaker. Did she create fashion-forward clothes for the high society ladies to show off at the theatre? How cool would that be?  Anne made enough to support herself since William moved out of the home in the late 1860s. We don't know why.  Anne lived there until 1874. 

Here are some pictures of the sources I found at the Bath Records Office.

Bath City Directory 1860-1861

Bromleys listed in Bath 1860 Directory at 25 Union Street

1852 map of Bath.  I added the star at 25 Union Street.

4 ways to NOT find your ancestor on Ellis Island

I currently live in a very cool place. From my living room window I can see the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island.  I actually have very few ancestors who came through there, so I was excited at the prospect of my great-great-grandma. These days it almost seems to be a feather in the cap of genealogist to find an Ellis Island immigrant ancestor. 

Family member name: Ellen Fripp Bromley Wahlgren

Lifetime: 1851-1941
Tree branch: Bromley
Relation: My 2x great-grandmother (my dad's mom's mom's mom)

But I was running into brick walls. It was a learning experience. Of what not to do.

1. Search on only one name 

This is especially true of females. She was born Ellen Fripp, married young to a Bromley and married a second time to a Wahlgren. What name did she have when she immigrated?  Match the year of immigration with the year of marriage, right? For some reason I was certain she came here when she was single. Couldn't find her. 

2. Search on only one database

I was certain she had to come through Ellis Island, so I searched the Ellis Island website. I entered her name, her other name, various spellings, various years of crossing. Nada. 

3. Assume you have your historical facts straight

I knew from later documents that her year of immigration was 1881. So, "of course she came through Ellis Island, since the Statue of Liberty was a gift from France for the US's centennial in 1876", said Miss Smartypants Me to myself.  Why couldn't I find her? 

4. Stick to your guns

I went across the river to the National Archives in NYC where I performed these same searches again, hoping that a passenger list had recently been found in the bottom of a box (eureka!) and scanned by an intern.  Nope. 

My advice is to not take any of the above advice.

Finally, I asked the nice lady volunteer with glasses and a lanyard what she recommended. She informed me that Ellis Island was not built until 1892, and before that, immigrants sailed by the Statue of Liberty and landed at Castle Clinton at the tip of Manhattan in Battery Park. (Duh! The Statue of Liberty is not the same as Ellis Island!)  "Why not try the Castle Clinton website?"  Boom. One search and done. I could even print it out. 

Passenger list of the Celtic

October 30, 1881.

3. Ellen Bromley, 29, F, Spinster, From England

A five minute walk from the National Archives to Castle Clinton and I was feeling successful. It's not Ellis Island, but I got to visit the spot where my great great grandma started her new life. And I didn't have to stand in line for a boat. Here I am.

And then my husband took me out for a glass of wine. :)